Biopharmaceutics Dosage Form Design [Practical]
1. Experiments to illustrate absorption of drugs in various models.
2. Experiments to illustrate protein binding of drugs, K and N values of binding process.
3. Determination of plasma half life, elimination constant using plasma drug profile.
4. Determination of pharmacokinetics of single compartmental analysis.
5. Experiments to illustrate curve fitting, area under the blood level curves, binding, bioequivalence determinations.
6. Preformulation studies including drug-excipients compatibility studies, effect of stabilizers, preservatives etc. in dosage form design.
7. Experiments demonstrating improvement in bioavailability through prodrug concept.
8. Stability evaluation of various dosage and their expiration dating.
9. Dissolution testing and date evaluation for oral solid dosage forms.
10. Evaluation of Bioequivalence of some marketed products.
11. In vivo bioavailability evaluation from plasma drug concentration and urinary excretion curves.
12. Design, development and evaluation of controlled relase formulations.
Books Recommended:
1. Physical Pharmacy by Martin
2. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy by Lachman.
3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Formulation by Mithal.
5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets by Lachman and others.
6. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems by Lieberman and others.
7. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medication by Lieberman and others.
8. Microencapsulation by Benita.
9. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Ansel & others.
10. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery by N.K. Jain.
11. Drug Stability by Carstenen.
Fourth B. Pharmacy
403. Medicinal Chemistry -II [Theory]
1. Drug Metabolism and concepts in prodrug. [ 7 ]
2. Synthetic procedures of selected drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity relationship including physiochemical aspects of the following classes of drugs should be covered.[Biochemical apparoches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.]
a. Drugs acting on the Central Nervous System: [ 24 ]
General Anesthetics, Local anesthetics, Hypnotics and sedatives, Opioid analgesics, antitussives, Anticonvulsants, Antiparkisonian drugs, CNS stimulants, psychopharmocological agents [neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics], Non-Steroidal Antiinflamatory Drugs(NSAID)
SAR of Local anaesthetics, Benzodiazepines, Phenothiazines.
Synthesis of Procaine, Lignocaine, Diazepam, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbitone, Hexabarbitone, Pethidine, Methadone, Theophylline, Nikethamide, Chlorepromazine, Amitryptilline, Meprobamate, Paracetamole, Aspirine, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Phenylbutazone, Barbituric acid, benzocaine, bupivacaine, caffeine, carbamazepine, chiordizepoxide, ethosuccimine Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, alopurinol, imepramine, pentobarbitone, phenytoine, probanacid, prochorperazine, reserpine, socliumpentothenate, trilocaine, valprocacid.
b. Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System: Cardio tonics, [ 17 ]
Antihypertensive Agents, Antianginal and Vasodilators, Lipid lowering agents(Anti hyperlipidemic agents), Pressure drugs (Antihypotensive agents), Miscellaneous ( Antiplatelates, Thrombolytic drugs, Anticoagulants and Coagulants) SAR of Cardiotonics including synthetic drugs.
Synthesis of Clonidine , Nifedipine, Nicorandil, Propranalol, Sotalol, Procainamide, Atenolol, Diltiazam, Tolazocin, Clofibrate, Hydralazine, Mecamilamine, Guanithidine, Warfarin, Acebutalol, analapril, theophyline, captropril, isosorbidedinitrate, metaprolol, oxprinolol, prazosine.
c. Steroids and related drugs: Steroidal nomenclature and stereo [ 6 ]
chemistry, Androgens and Anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational agents, Adrenocorticoids. Estradiol, estrone, Hydrocortisone, Progesterone, testosterone.
SAR of Adrenal cortex hormons.
d. Diuretics [ 7 ]
SAR of Clorthiazides, a,b - Unsaturated ketones.
Synthesis of Furosemide, Chlorthiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide and Acetazolamide.Chiorthalidone, D-mannitol, ethacrynicacid, triamptrine, trimethadione.
e. Amino acids, proteins and peptide hormones; [ 10 ]
1. Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs.,
2. Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents
Synthesis of Carbimazole
3. Peptidomimetics and nucleotidomimetics
f. Pharmaceutical Aids: Sovents and vehicals, Preservatives [ 4 ]
and antioxidents, coloring agents, Flavouring agents, sweetening agents, acidifying agents, etc.
403 Medicinal Chemistry -II [Practical]
1. Experiments designed on drug metabolism
a. Preparation of s9 and microsomes from tissue homogenates and standardization of protein.
b. Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on microsomal cytochrome p-450,cytochrome b5 and NADPH- cytochrome C-reductase and comparision of microsomes from control.
c. Determination of microsomal aminopyrine, demethylase and P-nitroanisole o-demethylase activities.
d. Determination of microsomal azo and nitroredustase activities.
2. Submission of a pilot project along with the economics of one drug.
3. Synthesis of selected drugs.
4. Establishing the pharmacopeial standards and spectral studies.
Books Recommended:
1) Medicinal Chemistry by Burger
2) Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharm. Chem. by Wilson & Gisvold
3) Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Foye, Williams and Lemke
4) A Hand book of Organic Analysis by Clarke
5) A Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry by Vogel
6) Quantitative Organic Analysis by Cheronis .
Fourth B. Pharmacy
404. Pharamcology & Drug Bio-Evaluation [Theory]
1. Bioassay of drugs and Biological standardization: [ 6 ]
Importance, principles and methods of bioassay. Pyrogen testing, discovery and development of New Drugs. Bioassay methods of important drugs.
2. Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS): [ 20 ]
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.
b. General Anesthetics.
c. Alcohols and disulfiram.
d. Sedatives-hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
e. Psychopharmacological agents:- antipsycotics, antidepressants, antimaniacs and hallucinogens
f. Antiepileptics drugs.
g. Anti- Parkinsonian drugs.
h. Analgesics, Antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory and Antigout drugs.
i. Narcotic Analgesics and Antagonists.
j. C.N.S. Stimulants.
k. Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.
3. Pharmacology of cardiovascular system. [ 12 ]
a. Digitalis and cardiac glycosides.
b. Antianginal and Vasodilator drugs.
c. Anti-arrhythmic drugs.
d. Antihypertensive drugs.
e. Antihyperlipidemic drugs.
f. Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
4. Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System. [ 4 ]
a. Haematinics.
b. Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents.
c. Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs.
d. Blood and plasma volume expanders.
5. Drugs Acting on the Urinary System : [ 3 ]
a. Fluid and electrolyte balance.
b. Diuretics.
6. Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System : [ 4 ]
a. Anti-asthamatic drugs including bronchodilators.
b. Anti-tussives and expectorants.
c. Respiratory stimulants
7. Drug Acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract : [ 6 ]
a. Antacids, Antisecretory and Anti-ulcer Drugs.
b. Laxatives and antidiarrhoeal drugs.
c. Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
d. Emetics and anti-emetics.
e. Miscellaneous; carminatives, demulcents, protectives, mucolytics, Adsorbants, Astringents, Digestants and Enzymes.
8. Pharmacology of Endocrine system ; [ 12 ]
a. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.
b. Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D.
c. Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents & glucagon
d. ACTH and corticosteroids.
e. Androgens and anabolic steroids.
f. Drugs acting on the uterus.
g. Estrogen, Progesterone & Oral contraceptives.
9. Recent Advances: [ 5 ]
Nitric oxide & free radicals, Endothelins, Preliminary aspect of Molecular Pharmacology, Dermatological Pharmacology, Ocular Pharmacology, Gene therapy, Bone metabolism.
Pharmacology & Drug Bio-Evaluation (Practical)
1. Experiments on Isolated preparations of Animals tissues or using computer softwares or tracings:
a. To calculate the PA2 value of atropine using acetycholine as an agonist on rat ileum preparation.
b. To calculate the PA2 value of mepyramine or chlorpheniramine using histamine as agonist on guineapig ileum.
c. To find out the strength of the given sample of agonist & antagonist e.g. Acetycholine, Histamine, 5-HT, Oxytocin, Atropine, Pheniramine etc. using a suitable isolated muscle preparation by Three point Assay, Four point Assay, graphical method, matching method etc..
2. To study the Anti-secretary and anti-ulcer activity using pylorus ligated rats using computer software.
3. To demonstrate the effects of certain clinically useful drugs on human voluntears like Antihistaminics, Anti-anxiety and sedative drugs, Beta blockers etc..
4. Experiments on Central Nervous System (Only demonstration or using Computer Software):
Recording of spontaneous motor activity, stereotype analgesia, anticonvulsant activity, anti-inflammatory activity and muscle relaxant activity of drugs using simple experiments.
Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gillman
2. Medical pharmacology by Goth
3. Pharmacology by Gaddum
4. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics by Satoskar & Bhandarkar
5. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar
6. Lewis Pharmacology by Crossland
7. Textbook of pharmacology by Bowman & Rand
8. Essentials of medical pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi
9. Pharmacology by Rang & Dale
10. Elements of Pharmacology by Dr. Derasari & Dr. Gandhi
11. Drug interactions by Hansten
12. Introduction to general toxicology by Aries Simonsis & Offermeier
13. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons by Casorett & Doull
14. Clinical pharmacology by Lawrence
15. Principles of drug action by Goldstein Aronow & Kalaman
16. Drug Treatment by Averey
17. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology by M.N. Ghosh
18. Handbook of experimental pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni
19. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Perry
20. Practicals in pharmacology by Dr. Goyal
Fourth B. Pharmacy
405. Hospital And Clinical Pharmacy (Theory)
Part-I Hospital Pharmacy
1. Organisation and structure: [ 6 ]
Organisation of a hospital and hospital pharmacy. responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist pharmacy and therapeutic committees, budget preparation and implementation.
2. Hospital formulary : Contents preparation and revision of hospital formulary. [ 2 ]
3. Drug distribution systems in hospitals: [ 12 ]
a. Outpatient dispensing method adopted.
b. Dispensing of drugs to patients. Types of drug distribution systems. Charging policy, labeling.
c. Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients.
d. Dispensing of controlled drugs.
4. Central sterile supply unit and their management: [ 4 ]
Types of meterials for sterilization, packing of materials prior to sterilisation, sterilisation equipments, supply of sterile materials.
5. Manufacture of sterile & Nonsterile products : [ 8 ]
Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, Master formula card, production control, manufacturing records.
6. Drug Information Services: [ 3 ]
Sources of Information on drugs, disease treatment schedules, procurement of information. Computerised services (eg. MEDLINE), retrieval of information, medication errors.
7. Records and reports: [ 5 ]
Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases, etc.
8. Nuclear pharmacy
9. Introduction to radiopharmaceuticals: [ 8 ]
Radio active half life,. Units of radioactivity, production of radio pharmaceuticals, methods of isotopic tagging, preparation of radio isotopes in laboratory using Radiation dosimetry, Radio isotope generators, permissible radiation dose level, radiation hazards and their prevention, specifications for radio active laboratory.
Part-II Clinical Pharmacy:
1. Introduction to clinical pharmacy. [ 1 ]
2. Basic concepts of pharmacotherapy [ 4 ]
a. Clinical pharmacokinetics and individulisation of drug therapy.
b. Drug delivery systems and their Biopharmaceutic & therapeutic considerations.
c. Drug use during Infancy and in the Elderly [pediatrics & Geriatrics].
d. Drug use during pregnancy.
e. Drug induced diseases.
3. Interpretation of clinical laboratory tests and its significance. [ 2 ]
4. Important disorders of organ systems and their management :
a. Cardiovascular disorders ; Hypertension, Congestive Heart failure, Angina, [ 4 ]
Acute Myocardial Infraction, Cardian Arrhythmias.
b. CNS Disorders ; Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression. [ 3 ]
c. Respiratory Disease: Asthma. [ 1 ]
d. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Peptic ulcer Disease, Ulcerative colitis, [ 2 ]
Hepatitis, cirrhosis
e. Endocrine Disorders [ 2 ]
f. Infectious diseases: Tuberculosis urinary tract infection, Enteric Infections, [ 3 ]
upper respiratory infections
g. Hemopoietic Disorders: Anemias. [ 1 ]
h. joint and connective Tissue Disorders: Rheumatic Diseases, [ 2 ]
Gout and Hyperuricemia.
i. Neoplasic Disorders: Acute Leukaemias Hodgkin!s Disease and [ 2 ]
carcinoma of Breast.
5. Drugs in clinical toxicology [ 3 ]
Introduction, general treatment of poisoning, systemic antidotes, treatment of insecticide, heavy metal, narcotic drugs, barbiturates and organophosphorus poisoning.
6. Drug interactions: [ 2 ]
Introduction, mechanism, drug-food interactions, drug-drug interactions with reference to analgesics, diuretics, GIT, hypoglycemics, cardiovascular drugs and vitamins.
7. Therapeutic drug monitoring [ 1 ]
8. Concept of Essential Drug and Rational Drug use. [ 1 ]
9. Modern Dispensing aspects- Clinical pharmacists and patient counseling [ 2 ]
and advice for the use of common drugs, medication history.
Fourth B. Pharmacy
406 Pharmacognosy-III ( Phytopharmaceuticals )Theory
1. Chemical and spectral approaches to simple molecules of natural origin. [ 3 ]
2. Concept of stereo isomerism taking examples of natural product. [ 2 ]
3. Chemistry and biogenesis of medicinally important monoterpens, [ 10 ] sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes.
4. Carotenoids: beta-carotenes, alpha-carotenes, vitamin-A, Xanthophylls of [ 3 ] medicinal importance.
5. Steroids: Chemistry and biosynthesis of hecogenin, diosgenin and [ 6 ]
sarasapogenin.
6. Alkaloids: Chemistry and biogenesis of atropin and related compounds; [ 10 ]
quinine, reserpine, morphine, papaverine, ephedrine, ergot and Vinca alkaloids.
7. Chemistry of medicinally important iridoids. [ 5 ]
8. Chemistry of penicillin, stryptomycin and tetracyclines. [ 7 ]
9. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special [ 1 ]
reference to Diosgenin (Discorea), taxol (Taxus sps), Digitalis, Tropane alkaloid containing plants, papain Cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe vera, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives.
10. A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in [ 7 ]
work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phytoconstituents of Poppy, Ergot, Cinchona, Ipecac, Tropane Alkaloids, Vinca, Aloes, Senna, Ispaghula, Digitalis, Dioscorea and Solanum Khasianum.
11. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference [ 5 ]
to Menthol, Citral , Sandalwood oil, Vetiver oil, Geranium oil and Eucalyptus oil.
12. Tissue culture : Historical development, types of cultures, nutritional [ 5 ] requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
13. Marine pharmacognosy ; studies on novel natural products from marine [ 5 ]
sources.
14. Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents. [ 2 ]
15. Phythochemical screening : Selection of method (Preparation of an [ 2 ]
extract) Screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds( saponins, sterols, cardenolides and bufadienolide, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols) anthraquinones, Cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant tissues and carbohydrates (gums,mucilages).
16. Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy. [ 1 ]
Pharmacognosy-III ( Phytopharmaceuticals ) Practicals
1. Laboratory experiments on isolation, separation and purification of various groups of chemical constituents of pharmaceutical significance.
2. Exercises on paper and thin layer chromatographic evaluations of herbal drug constituents.
3. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory.
4. Extraction of volatile oils and their chromatographic profiles.
5. Some experiments in plant tissue culture.
Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacognosy by G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans
2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis
3. Pharmacognosy by V.E.Tylor,L.R.Brady and J.E.Robbers
4. The Wealth of India (Raw Material & Industrial Product)
5. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. I,II,III & IV
6. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants by Atal & Kapoor
7. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Atal & Kapoor
8. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Steiniger and Hansel
9. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Ramsted
10. Powdered Vegetable Drugs by B.P.Jeckson & D.W.Snewden
11. Biosynthetic products for cancer chemotherapy by George pattit vol I,II,III, plenum press Newyork
12. Natural products as Medicinal agents Ed. J.L.Beal, and Reinhard Hippocrates Verleg
13. Medicinal plant glycosides- Sim. Toronto.
14. Medicinal plant Alkaloids- Sim. Toronto.
15. Indian Medicinal Plants by Kirtikar and Basu.
16. Phytochemische praktikum by wagner.
17. Natural products by Ikan R Israel Uni. Press, Jarusalem 1969
18. Experimental pharmacognosy by Tylar V.E and Schwarting A.E, borgess publication.
19. Isolierum Und Kennenzeikhnung by stahl E and Schild W.
20. Ayurvedic pharmacopeia.
21. Practical Pharmacognosy by Iyenger
22. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate
23. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.
Fourth B. Pharmacy
407 Elective
Dissertation assigned by respective department (subjects) of major specialization
of pharmaceutical sciences i.e.
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmacology
Pharmacognosy
Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
301. Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Theory)
Part 1: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1. Introduction, scope, contributions of great scientists to microbiology. [ 2 ]
2. Structure of bacterial cell. [ 2 ]
3. Classification of microbes and their taxonomy, actinomycetes, bacteria, [ 5 ]
ricketssia, spirochetes, fungi and viruses.
4. Microscopy: Different types of microscopes, micrometry. [ 2 ]
5. Identification of Microbes: Morphological, Stains and types of staining [ 4 ]
techniques and biochemical methods for S.typhi, E.coli, amylase activity, production of gas, indole production, lactose fermentation.
6. Nutrition, cultivation, isolation & count of bacteria, fungi, viruses. [ 4 ]
7. Control of Microbes [ 22 ]
1. Sterilization : Significance and scope, classification, D-value, F- value, Z-value, methods for sterilization, Pharmacopoeial standards, Sterilization indicators-biological and chemical.
2. Disinfectants: Classification, mode of action, uses of various disinfectants, evaluation of disinfectants, effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives.
8. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products as per IP. [ 4 ]
9. Microbial assay of Antibiotics Vitamins & Aminoacids as per IP [ 3 ]
10. Pharmacopoeial microbial limit tests as per IP [ 2 ]
Part II Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (theory)
1. Genetic Recombination: [ 12 ]
Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope IntornA, Monoclate, ORTAHOCLONE OKT3, Referon-A, Recombivax HB etc.
Introduction to Genetics Structure of DNA & RNA, Synthesis of DNA, Genes mutation. Introduction of Recombination technology.
2. Microbial transformation: [ 2 ]
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes and its improvements.
3. Enzyme immobilization: [ 6 ]
Introduction, methods and applications of immobilized enzymesTechniques of immobilization of enzymes, Immobilisation of bacteria and plant cells.
4. Study of diagnostic aids produced by biotechnology. [ 2 ]
Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Practicals)
1. Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media. Subculturing of common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungus and yeast, various methods of isolation and identification of microbes, sterilisation techniques and validation of sterilizing techniques, evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants, testing the sterility of pharmaceutical products as per I.P. requirements, microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins etc..
Books Recommended :
1. Text book of Microbiology by Pelczar
2. Microbiology by Lippincot
3. Microbiology by Prescott
4. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by V.K.Dixit & S.P.Vyas
5. Biochemical Engineering by Bailey & Ollis
________________________________________
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
301. Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Theory)
Part 1: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1. Introduction, scope, contributions of great scientists to microbiology. [ 2 ]
2. Structure of bacterial cell. [ 2 ]
3. Classification of microbes and their taxonomy, actinomycetes, bacteria, [ 5 ]
ricketssia, spirochetes, fungi and viruses.
4. Microscopy: Different types of microscopes, micrometry. [ 2 ]
5. Identification of Microbes: Morphological, Stains and types of staining [ 4 ]
techniques and biochemical methods for S.typhi, E.coli, amylase activity, production of gas, indole production, lactose fermentation.
6. Nutrition, cultivation, isolation & count of bacteria, fungi, viruses. [ 4 ]
7. Control of Microbes [ 22 ]
1. Sterilization : Significance and scope, classification, D-value, F- value, Z-value, methods for sterilization, Pharmacopoeial standards, Sterilization indicators-biological and chemical.
2. Disinfectants: Classification, mode of action, uses of various disinfectants, evaluation of disinfectants, effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives.
8. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical products as per IP. [ 4 ]
9. Microbial assay of Antibiotics Vitamins & Aminoacids as per IP [ 3 ]
10. Pharmacopoeial microbial limit tests as per IP [ 2 ]
Part II Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (theory)
1. Genetic Recombination: [ 12 ]
Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope IntornA, Monoclate, ORTAHOCLONE OKT3, Referon-A, Recombivax HB etc.
Introduction to Genetics Structure of DNA & RNA, Synthesis of DNA, Genes mutation. Introduction of Recombination technology.
2. Microbial transformation: [ 2 ]
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes and its improvements.
3. Enzyme immobilization: [ 6 ]
Introduction, methods and applications of immobilized enzymesTechniques of immobilization of enzymes, Immobilisation of bacteria and plant cells.
4. Study of diagnostic aids produced by biotechnology. [ 2 ]
Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology (Practicals)
1. Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media. Subculturing of common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungus and yeast, various methods of isolation and identification of microbes, sterilisation techniques and validation of sterilizing techniques, evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants, testing the sterility of pharmaceutical products as per I.P. requirements, microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins etc..
Books Recommended :
1. Text book of Microbiology by Pelczar
2. Microbiology by Lippincot
3. Microbiology by Prescott
4. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by V.K.Dixit & S.P.Vyas
5. Biochemical Engineering by Bailey & Ollis
Third B. Pharma (.)
302 Biological Pharmacy And Fermentation Technology [Theory]
1. Blood products and plasma substitutes: [ 6 ]
Collection, processing labeling and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBC, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin foam, plasma substitutes-ideal requirments, PVP, dextran etc., control of blood products as per I.Pand B.P.
2. Surgical Products: [ 7 ]
Defination, primary wound dressing, absorbent surgical cotton, surgical gauzes, bandages, adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressing, absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures, catgut. Standardization of surgical products,Packaging and labeling of surgical products in general. Medical prosthetics and organ replacement materials.
3. Immunology and Immunological Preparations [ 16 ]
Principles, antigens and haptens, immune system, cellular, humoral immunity, immunological tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, Active and passive immunization, vaccines their preparation, standardisation and storage. Antibodies, Nonspecific defence mechanisms of body, Vaccines- diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, cholera, pertussis, plaque, BCG, rabies, polio, measles, typhoid, new generation vaccines-hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, diagnostic preparations
4. Fermentation: [ 16 ]
Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, general screening methods, isolation and preservation of pure cultures. Mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Fermenter, its design, control of different parameters, design of fermentation process. media, sterilization (fermenter, media, air, etc.), Isolation of fermentation products. Detailed production of
1. selected antibiotics: penicillins, streptomycins, tetracyclines
2. vitamin B 12, Riboflavin
3. others: citric acid, alcohol
5. Allergenic Extracts: [ 3 ]
Types of allergy, allergens, diagnosis of allergy, sensitivity testing, treatment of allergy, preparation, testing and standardisation of allergenic extracts.
Biological Pharmacy And Fermentation Technology [Practicals]
1. Collection processing, storage and fractionation of blood.
2. Experiments to illustrate preparation, physical and biological evaluation of surgical dressings.
3. Exercises involving simple fermentation processes.
Books Recommended:
1. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences
2. Cooper & Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy
3. I.P., B. P., USP.
4. Principles of Fermentation Technology by Whittaker & Hall
5. Industrial Microbiology by Prescott & Dunn
6. Biopharmaceuticals:Biochemistry & Biotechnology by G. Walsh
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
303 Medicinal Chemistry - I (Theory)
1. Basic principles of Medicinal chemistry: [ 9 ]
Physico-chemical aspects (Optical, geometric and bioisomerism of drug molecules and biological action, Drug-receptor interaction including transduction mechanism and G.proteins. Principles of drug design (Theoretical Aspects): Traditional analog (QSAR) and mechanism based approaches (Introduction to graph theory, applications of quantum mechanics), Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modelling.
2. Synthetic procedures of selected drugs:‚ mode of action, uses Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) including physicochemical properties of the following class of drugs should be covered. Bio-chemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.
1. Drugs acting at syneptic and neuro-effector junction sites: [ 9 ]
1. Cholinergic and Anticholinesterases.
2. Adrenergic drugs.
3. Antispasmodic and antiulcer drugs.
4. Neuromuscular blocking agents.
SAR of sympathomimetic amines, Acetylcholine analogs and antimascarinics. Synthesis of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphajoline, Phenylephrine, Methacholine chloride, Neostigmine bromide, Pyridostigmine, Cyclopentolate, Dicyclomine and Succinyl choline chloride.
2. Autocoids: [ 6 ]
1. Antihistamines
2. Eicosanoids SAR of Antihistamines.
Synthesis of Mepyramine , Diphenhydramine, Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine, Chlorocyclizine Omeprazole, Phenindamine, triprdiding, meclizing, cemetidine, Astemizole, pheniramine, Ranitidine, cyproheptadine..
3. Drugs affecting uterine motility. [ 2 ]
Oxytocis (including oxitocin, ergot alkaloids,and prostaglandins)
4. Chemotherapeutic agents [ 20 ]
1. Antibacterials:- Antibiotics, Antimicobacterials, Sulphonamides, Quinolones antibacterials, Antimetabolites.
2. Antivirals:- Anti AIDS, Antioncogenic virals
3. Antirickettsials and Antimycoplasmals
4. Antiprotozoles:- Antimalarials, Antiamoebics, Other antiprotozoles
5. Antifungals:- Antibiotics, Synthetics
6. Antimetazoals (Anthelmentics)
7. Antiseptics and Disinfectants
8. Antineoplastics SAR of Penicillines , Tetracyclines and Sulphonamides.
Synthesis of Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Sulphadiazine, Sulphamethoxazole, Sulphacetamide, Trimethoprim, Cycloserine, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Isoniazide, Ethambutol, Depsone Clofazimine, Ampicillin, saibactan, 6-aminopenicillanic acid.
5. Immunosuppresive agents [ 2 ]
6. Diagnostic agents [ 2 ]
Medicinal Chemistry -I (Practical)
1. Exercises based on QSAR: Hansch and Free Wilson methods
2. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised.
3. Determination of partition co-efficient, Dissociation constant and Molar refractivity of compounds for QSAR analysis.
4. Workshop on stereo models use of some selected drugs.
5. Synthesis of selected drugs from the course content involving two or more steps and their spectral analysis.
6. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised.
Books Recommended:
1. Medicinal Chemistry by Burger
2. Text book of Organic Medicinal and Pharm. Chem. by Wilson & Gisvold
3. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Foye, Williams and Lemke
4. A Hand book of Organic Analysis by Clarke
5. A Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry by Vogel
6. Quantitative Organic Analysis by Cheronis
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
304 Pharamceutical Analysis -II ( Instrumental Analysis And Quality Assurance) [Theory]
A. Quality Assurance:- [ 11 ]
1. GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality Documentation.
2. Regulatory control, Regulatory drug analysis, Interpretation of Analytical data
3. Validation, Quality audit, Quality of Equipment, Validation of equipment, Validation of analytical procedure.
B. The theoretical aspects, basic instrumentation, elements of interpretation of spectra and applications of the following analytical techniques should be discussed
1. Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry. [ 15 ]
2. Fluorimetry. [ 4 ]
3. Infrared spectrophotometry. [ 8 ]
4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy including C- 13 NMR [ 10 ]
5. Mass Spectrometry [ 9 ]
6. Flame Photometry. [ 3 ]
7. Emission Spectroscopy. [ 3 ]
8. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. [ 3 ]
9. X-ray Diffraction. [ 6 ]
10. Radioimmunoassay. [ 3 ]
Pharmaceutical Analysis-II [Practicals]
1. Using official procedure involving instrumental techniques, carry out the quantitative estimation of atleast ten formulation containing single drug or more than one drug.
2. Using flame photometry, carry out the estimation of Na+,K+, Ca++ ions.
3. Carry out the IR of sample having different functional groups [-COOH, -CONHR, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary amine and alcohol, etc].
4. Workshop to interpret the structure of simple organic compounds using UV, IR, NMR, and MS.
Books Recommended:
1. A Text book of Pharma. Analysis by Connors
2. Practical Pharma. Chemistry Part I & II by Buckett and Stenlake
3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard
4. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Ewing
5. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Chatwal and Anand
6. The Quantitative Analysis of Drug by D.C.Garatt
7. Organic Chemistry by Morison and Boyd
8. Spectoscopy of Organic Compounds by P.S.Kalsi
9. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by Silverstein
10. Application of Absorption Spectoscopy of Org. Compd. by J.R.Dyer
.
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
305 Pharmacology And Chemotherapy (Theory)
1. General pharmacology [ 18 ]
a. Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, dosage forms and 9 routes of administration. Mechanism of action, combine effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence, Pharmacogenetics, drug receptors, dose response relationship.
b. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of drugs. Principles of 9 Basic and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Adverse Drug Reactions and treatment of Poisoning, ADME drug interactions
2. Pharmacology of peripheral Nervous system: [ 18 ]
a. Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic) 3
b. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, 11 adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, ganglionic stimulants and blocking agents.
c. Neuromuscular blocking agents. 2
d. Local anesthetic agents. 2
3. Autocoids: [ 8 ]
a. Histamine, 5-HT and their antagonists. 4
b. Prostanglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes. 2
c. Pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and substance P. 2
4. Chemotherapy [ 28 ]
a. General principles of chemotherapy. 2
b. Sulphonamides, co-trimoxazole, Quinolones,nitrofurans. 4
c. Antibiotics:- Betalactams, Macrolides 8
Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, and Miscellaneous Antibiotics.
d. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal Diseases, viral diseases, 7 urinary tract infections and sexually Transmitted Diseases [STD].
e. Chemotherapy of malignancy and Immunosuppressive Agents. 3
f. Chemotherapy of the parasitic diseases:- Helmenthiasis, malaria, 4 amoebiasis and other Protozoal infections
Pharmacology And Chemotherapy ( Practical )
1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology :
1. Preparation of different solutions for experiments.
2. Drug dilution, use of molar and w/v solutions in experimental pharmacology.
3. Common laboratory animals and anesthetics used in animal studies.
4. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
5. Some common and standard techniques. Bleeding and intravenous injection intragastric administration procedures for rendering animals unconscious, stunning of rodents, pithing of frogs, chemical anaesthesia.
2. Experiments on various preparations of Animal tissues or using computer softwares:
1. Study of different routes of administration of drugs in mice/rats.
2. To study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitors and induction on the pentobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
3. Evaluation of Local anaesthetics.
3. To study the effect of autonomic drugs on rabbits eye or using computer software:
4. To study the effects of various agonists and antagonists and their characterization using isolated preparation like frog's rectusabdominus muscle and isolated ileum preparations of Rat Guineapig and Rabbit. (Demonstration or Computer simulation)
5. Experiments on Isolated preparations (Computer Software may be used as substitute):
a. To record the Concentration Response Curve (CRC) of acetylcholine using rectus abdominus muscle preparation of frog.
b. To study the effects of physostigmine and d-tubocurarine on the CRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominus muscle preparation of frog.
c. To record the CRC of 5-HT on rat fundus strip preparation.
d. To record the CRC of Histamine on guinepig ileum.
e. To record the CRC of noraderenaline on rat anococcygeus muscle .
f. To record the CRC of oxytocin using rat uterus.
6. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System (Computer Software may be used as substitute):
. To study the ionotropic and Chronotropic effects of drugs on isolated & Perfused Frog Heart.
a. To Study the effects of drugs on Normal & Hypodynamic Frog Heart.
Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacological basis of therapeutics by Goodman & Gillman
2. Medical pharmacology by Goth
3. Pharmacology by Gaddum
4. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics by Satoshkar & Bhandarkar
5. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar
6. Lewis Pharmacology by Crossland
7. Textbook of pharmacology by Bowman & Rand
8. Essentials of medical pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi
9. Pharmacology by Rang & Dale
10. Elements of Pharmacology by Dr. Derasari & Dr. Gandhi
11. Drug interactions by Hansten
12. Introduction to general toxicology by Aries Simonsis & Offermeier
13. Toxicology: The basic science of poisons by Casorett & Doull
14. Clinical pharmacology by Lawrence
15. Principles of drug action by Goldstein Aronow & Kalaman
16. Drug Treatment by Averey
17. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology by M.N. Ghosh
18. Handbook of experimental pharmacology by S.K. Kulkarni
19. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Perry
20. Practicals in pharmacology by Dr. Goyal
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
306 Pharmacognosy - II (Theory)
1. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, [ 22 ] chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagonistic macroscopic
and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups
containing glycosides.
a. Saponins: Glycyrrhiza, Ginenseng, Dioscorea, Sarsaparilla and Senega. 6
b. Cardioactive sterols : Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus and Thevitia. 6
c. Anthraquinone cathartics: Aloe, Senna, Rhubard and Cascara. 6
d. Psoralea, Ammi, Gentian, Saffron, Chirata, Quassia. 4
2. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, [ 25 ]
chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagonistic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups containing alkaloids.
a. Pyridine - Piperidine : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia. 3
b. Tropane : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Dubosia, Coca and 4
Withania.
c. Quinoline and isoquinoline : Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium. 5
d. Indole : Ergot, Rauwolfia, Chatharanthus , Nux-vomica and 6
Physiostigma.
e. Imidazole : Pilocarpus 1
f. Steroidal: veratrum and kurchi 1
g. Alkaloidal amine : Ephedra and Colchicum 2
h. Glycoalkaloid : Solanum should be taught from Trease and Evans 1
latest edition.
i. Purines : Coffee, Tea and Coca. 2
3. Studies of traditional drugs : [ 18 ]
Common vernacular names, Botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacological categories and common uses of following indigeneous drugs : Amla, Kantkari, Malkangani, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Kaner, Gaduchi, Brahmi, Adusa, Arjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lasun, Palash, Majith, Guggul, Godh Kalimusli, Taila, Rasna, Punarnva, Chitrak, Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhpushpi, Bahera, Chirata,Tulsi, Vidang, Cassia tora and Churnas, Leaps, Lehyas and herbo-mineral preparations.
4. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the [ 2 ]
following enzymes. Diastase, Papain , Pepsin, Trypsin, Pancreatin
5. General techniques of biosynthesis studies and basic metabolic [ 6 ]
pathways. An introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolities of pharmaceutical importance.
.
306 Pharmacognosy - II (Practical)
1. Identification of crude drugs listed in theory by morphological characters.
2. Microscopical studies of some selected drugs mentioned in theory :- Datura, Vasaka, Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Withania, Cinchona, Ephedra, Ipecac, Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Vinca, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza, Senna.
3. Microscopical studies of selected powdered drugs of single or mixture of two to three components :- Datura, Vasaka, Hyoscyamus, Belladona, Cinchona, Ipecac, Rauwolfia, Nuxvomica, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Rhubarb.
4. Identification of traditional drugs mentioned in theory by morphological and microscopical characters (where necessary ).
5. Identification of unorganized drugs mentioned in theory by morphological characters and chemical tests.
Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacognosy by G.E.Trease and W.C.Evans
2. Text book of Pharmacognosy by T.E.Wallis
3. Pharmacognosy by V.E.Tylor,L.R.Brady and J.E.Robbers
4. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr.C.S.Shah and Prof. J.S.Qadry
5. Pharmacognosy by S.S.Handa and V.K.Kapoor
6. Pharmacognosy by Prof.C.K.Kokate,Prof.A.P.Purohit & S.B.Gokhale
7. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Dr. Mohammed Ali
8. The Wealth of India (Raw Material & Industrial Product)
9. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plant Vol. I,II,III & IV
10. Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants by Atal & Kapoor
11. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants by Atal & Kapoor
12. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Steiniger and Hansel
13. Text book of Pharmacognosy by Ramsted
14. Powdered Vegetable Drugs by B.P.Jeckson & D.W.Snewden
15. Biosynthetic products for cancer chemotherapy by George pattit vol I,II,III, Plenum press Newyork
16. Natural products as Medicinal agents Ed. J.L.Beal, and Reinhard Hippocrates Verleg
17. Medicinal plant glycosides- Sim. Toronto.
18. Medicinal plant Alkaloids- Sim. Toronto.
19. Ayurvedic pharmacopeia.
20. Practical Pharmacognosy by Iyenger
21. Practical Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate
22. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.
.
Third B. Pharmacy (.)
307. Pharmaceutical Industrial Management (Theory)
1. Basic Principles of Management: [10]
Introduction of Management, Evolution of Management Theories, Introduction of basic Management functions (Planning, Organization, Leading and Controlling), Planning: Decision Making, Strategic and Short Term Planning, Advantages of Planning, Organizing: Organizational Departments, Organizational Design and Organizational Structure, Leading: Leadership styles and various leadership models, Communication, Controlling: Methods of Effective control concept of Quality Management, Basics of Inventory Management.
2. Organisational Behaviour: [4]
Motivation-Maslow’s theory, Herzberg’s theory, Three Need Theory, Group Behavior
3. Pharmaceutical Marketing: [12]
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Marketing, Organization of Marketing department, Market Research, Market information system, Market Segmentation, Pricing Policies, Channels of Distributions, Advertising, Sales Promotion (With Specific Reference to Pharmaceutical Industries), Study of Marketing Strategies of Major Player in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.
4. Salesmanship: [6]
Sales Force Management: Recruiting and Selecting Sales Personnel, Motivating and Compensating Sales Personal, the sales budget, Quotas, Sales Territories, Sales control and Cost Analysis, The Effective sales executive.
5. Accountancy for Pharmacist: [9]
Principles of Accountancy: ledger posting and book entries, preparation of trial Balance, columns of cash book, Bank reconciliation statement, rectification of Errors, profits and loss account, balance sheet, purchase keeping and pricing of Stocks, treatment of cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes and
hundies, documentary bills. (Preliminary idea)
6. Economics and Foreign Trade: [5]
Principles of economics with special reference to the laws of demand and Supply, demand schedule demand curves, WTO, Briefing about new EXIM policy of Government of India with special reference to Pharmaceutical Industry, Export-Import Procedure.
7. Industrial sociology: [2]
8. Meaning types role of industry in national development. Problems of Librelisation and Globalisation w.r.t pharmaceutical industry. History of labour movement in India problems of trade unions in India (collective bargaining industrial disputes, causes and remedies), labour welfare.
.
Books Recommended :
1. Principles of Accountancy - S.P.Gupta
2. Principles of Accountancy - M.C.Shukla
3. Marketing Management – Rajan Saxena
4. Marketing Management - Kotler
5. Principles & Practice of Management - L.M.Prasad
6. Principals of Management - Stoner
7. Current Documents Related to EXIM Policy, WTO etc.
